P1 & M1
Point and shoot Cameras.
A point-and-shoot camera, is a still camera designed primarily for photos which are being taken there and then. Most use focus free lenses or autofocus for focusing, and have flash units built in.
Point-and-shoots are the best selling type of separate camera, as different from camera phones. They are popular with people who don’t think themselves as photographers but want an easy to use camera for vacations, parties, reunions etc
The term "point-and-shoot" is also used for some camcorders, particularly inexpensive digital models based on MiniDV or DVD media, to describe fully automatic operation (autofocus, automatic gain control and white balance, etc) with minimal operator interaction except for zoom control and recording buttons.
Point-and-shoot film cameras, and many digital ones, use a viewfinder. The image that the photographer sees is not the same image that passes through the primary lens of the camera (that is, the lens that projects the image onto the film or, in the case of digital cameras, the image sensor). With SLR cameras, it is important that the image in the viewfinder be the same image recorded by the film or sensor, so that the effect of the add-on lenses and filters can be seen by the photographer.
Pros & Cons of point and shoot cameras.
Shutter Speeds - One definite advantage over point and shoot cameras is the speed of the shutter on a DSLR. With options like high speed continuous mode on more advanced DSLR models, you can shoot fast action shots like breaching whales.
Greater Flexibility - DSLRs offer flexibility and access to a wide range of features and accessories. Items such as external flashes, remote triggering devices, lens filters and advanced shooting features can give almost unlimited options as to what you can do with even the most basic DSLR.
Image Quality - In general, the image quality from a DSLR is much better than a point and shoot. With options to shoot in RAW format (unprocessed image) or use auto exposure bracketing for HDR photography, DSLRs offer advanced image quality that most compact cameras can't come close to competing with.
Cons:
DSLR cameras are much heavier than point and shoot cameras. They can be cumbersome and obviously take up a chunk of your carry on baggage allowance. Take one camera body, three decent sized lenses, a few accessories, and you might be over your 7kg carry on allowance already. Don't forget to factor in the weight of carrying the camera itself as well. While the weight in your luggage might not seem like a bother, imagine carrying it around for 10 or 12 hours a day sightseeing.
For people who stay in shared room hostels, carrying a large camera could make you more of a target for thieves.
Phone Cameras.
A camera phone is a mobile phone which is able to capture still pictures.
Most camera phones are simpler than separate digital cameras. Their usual fixed focus lenses and smaller sensors limit their performance in most lighting. the camera phone doesn't actually have a shutter. Flash is usually poor.
Some of the more expensive camera phones have only a few disadvantages, which apply most acutely in low light conditions and in any case have not inhibited their widespread use. Most models improve every year or two. Some, like the Droid Incredible only have a menu choice to start an application program to activate the camera. Others, such as the BlackBerry Storm2, Droid X, Motorola V980 and Nokia 5800 also have a separate camera button for quickness and convenience.
Windows Phones can be configured to operate as a camera even if the phone is asleep. Some camera phones are designed to resemble separate low-end digital compact cameras in appearance and to some extent in features and picture quality, and are branded as both mobile phones and cameras, including certain Sony phones.
The principal advantages of camera phones are cost and compactness; indeed for a user who carries a mobile phone anyway, the additional size and cost are negligible. Smartphones that are camera phones may run mobile applications to add capabilities such as geotagging and image stitching. A few high end phones can use their touch screen to direct their camera to focus on a particular object in the field of view, giving even an inexperienced user a degree of focus control exceeded only by seasoned photographers using manual focus.
Pros.
Yes the camera cell phone is a luxury and very affordable to buy but the there are many advantages to having such a phone. How many times have you been in a position where you wished "if only I had a camera" It's easy to send a picture to friends or family who may live far away or overseas. Pictures saved on the camera can be easily uploaded to your home computer. Camera phones today offer high resolution photos with red eye reduction and different zoom options. You can take an excellent scenic photo and set it uniquely setup as your background image. The quality of the photo will depend on the type of phone you purchase but overall the camera phone is an excellent purchase.
Cons Camera cell phones have a number of disadvantages over standard cell phones. Firstly they are generally more expensive to buy. Sending photos to friends or family from your cell phone is a costly activity. You need to check with your cell phone carrier to see the rates. It is much more expensive than sending a general text. Sometimes the quality of the photo is not as clear as you may have expected. Some people find it difficult to focus the lens using the phone.
It can be costly if the lens gets cracked and needs to be replaced (some camera phone lens cannot be replaced and the whole phone will need to be changed)
35MM Film
35 mm film is the film gauge most commonly used for chemical still photography and motion pictures. The name of the gauge refers to the width of the photographic film, which consists of strips 1.377 ±0.001 inches (34.98 ±0.03 mm) wide. The standard negative pulldown for movies ("single-frame" format) is four perforations per frame along both edges, which results in 16 frames per foot of film
Just as the format was recognized as a standard in 1909, still film cameras were developed that took advantage of the 35 mm format and allowed a large number of exposures for each length of film loaded into the camera. The frame size was increased to 24×36 mm. Although the first design was patented as early as 1908, the first commercial 35 mm camera was the 1913 Tourist Multiple, for movie and still photography, soon followed by the Simplex providing selection between full and half frame format
Pros As mentioned earlier, many professional photographers still prefer to use film to digital. If you take pictures for hobby, you can just adjust your film camera to the exact look you want. Some people rather use a film camera, so it forces them have their pictures developed right away. Instead of leaving your pictures on a disk, you need to have your print pictures printed. You will always have them in your hand to view.
Cons
Film is not as convenient as digital images, you have to have pictures developed and is also expensive which includes pictures being processed.
In addition, if you use film, you must have everything on your roll of film printed out. You cant just scroll through and delete bad pictures on the spot as you achieve if you use digital cameras.
35mm Camera
A ciné camera or movie camera takes a rapid sequence of photographs on strips of film. In contrast to a still camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time, the ciné camera takes a series of images, each called a frame.
. The first ciné camera was built around 1888 and by 1890 several types were being manufactured. The standard film size for ciné cameras was quickly established as 35mm film and this remains in use to this day. Other professional standard formats include 70 mm film and 16mm film whilst amateurs film makers used 9.5 mm film, 8mm film or Standard 8 and Super 8 before the move into digital format.
Large-format camera
The large-format camera, taking sheet film, is a direct successor of the early plate cameras and remain in use for high quality photography and for technical, architectural and industrial photography. There are three common types, the view camera with its monorail and field camera variants, and the press camera. They have an extensible bellows with the lens and shutter mounted on a lens plate at the front. Backs taking rollfilm, and digital backs are available in addition to the standard dark slideback. These cameras have a wide range of movements allowing very close control of focus and perspective. Composition and focussing is done on view cameras by viewing a ground-glass screen which is replaced by the film to make the exposure; they are suitable for static subjects only, and are slow to use.
Pro and Cons.
PROS High image quality, high build quality, manual controls, focus and dof controls, no parallax error.
CONS Large size, expensive, expensive film, hard to learn.
Medium -Format Camera
Medium-format cameras have a film size between the large-format cameras and smaller 35mm cameras. Typically these systems use 120 or 220 rollfilm. The most common image sizes are 6×4.5 cm, 6×6 cm and 6×7 cm; the older 6×9 cm is rarely used. The designs of this kind of camera show greater variation than their larger brethren, ranging from monorail systems through the classic Hasselblad model with separate backs, to smaller rangefinder cameras. There are even compact amateur cameras available in this format.
PROS
Larger negative requires less blow-up (16x to 24x) to make 8x10s.Available in a variety of types, & some systems that are as versatile as 35mm.Good range of professional quality films available.Most are still small enough to be convenient and hand holdable.Automation available on some models
CONS
Many are expensive compared to 35mm cameras with similar features due to lack of a mass market; local availability of film and processing is limited unless you are in a metropolitan area.
